US Treasury yields & curve analysis
Ongoing commentary on the yield curve, auction results, duration risk and what Treasuries signal about macro conditions.
So the Fed will fully resume Treasury purchasing, as a part of their balance sheet expansion starting December 1st 2025
Not only all maturing Treasuries will be rolled over at auctions, but also all Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS) principal will be reinvested into Treasury bills (<1 year duration)
This will lower the duration of the assets on the Fed's balance sheet and contribute to debt monetization
But that's not a surprise. 3 months ago I explained why interest rate cuts and the end of QT/start of QE is imminent
this is why a 7 day Treasury bill-backed repo agreement may have 2% haircut and a 0.1% spread, while a 20 year immovable property collateralized loan a 25% haircut and a 2% spread
the T-bill is more liquid, less volatile and the loan term is much shorter
collateralized lending comes with smaller interest rates/financing cost because it's low risk for the lender
if you default - the lender keeps your collateral
haircuts and spread are set sufficiently high to cover liquidity, term and market risks
so if the US Treasury revaluated gold and used all those proceeds to repurchase/retire debt it will likely have an initial negative effect on the liquidity, due to contraction in safe collateral
NCCBR participants are generally subject to regulations and balance sheet constraints - so don't think that null/negative haircuts means the collateral can be rehypothecated infinitely
these bilateral arrangements is where financial institutions manage their liquidity needs
thus, a 30 year Treasury bond trading at par (i.e. market value = face value = $1000) can create up to $50K of new liquidity/credit!
you cannot leverage as much with reserve money. so a $1000 bond can create more liquidity than $1000 cash/reserves
maximum liquidity added by bond = market value/haircut
so a Treasury security worth $1000 with a haircut of 2%, can create up to $50000 in new credit/liquidity
computed using the formula above: 1000/0.02=50000
moreover, currently the US Treasury is issuing debt and cash at ON RRP is running low. MMF, dealers and banks purchase those T-bills. if they do not have cash in ON RRP, it will be financed by outflows from bank reserve accounts into TGA
this is one of the reasons why September is historically a bad month for Bitcoin
this is also why commercial banks purchasing government debt securities, such as Treasury bills may be effectively monetizing that debt
generally speaking:
➖ transaction between central bank accounts = base money reallocated, decreased or increased
➖ transaction between non-central bank accounts = broad money reallocated, decreased or increased
most of auctioned Treasury bills in 2025 are bought domestically
foreign investors are net sellers, so the new T-bill supply is being absorbed by US-based institutions
so most of short-term US debt is being absorbed by the US economy and not by foreign investors
a lot of these US treasury purchases will be financed with short-term rolling debt (e.g. repo)
the newly issued Treasuries themselves will be used as collateral to borrow cash, many times over via rehypothecation
it's NOT yet the top of the cycle for equities, cryptocurrencies and other risk assets. here’s why
1️⃣ US Treasury is issuing more debt
2️⃣ in the next months I expect the Fed to cut rates and/or introduce some form of QE
3️⃣ weaker USD means more cross-border USD credit
US Treasury debt is likely to be among the assets purchased by those same banks that received QE funds from the central bank. so central bank's QE injection may be used to purchase US Treasury debt at auctions, thus effectively monetizing the government debt 😁
even if it doesn't happen directly at the start - eventually QE also increases broad money, due to reduced balance sheet constraints and an increase in cash reserves, which needs to be invested ASAP. this leads to more lending and asset purchases
the US Treasury may also issue more debt to increase the supply of safe assets, thus offsetting the compression shock
end result: more safe assets/prime collateral provided to markets. remember that the newly issued treasuries are likely to be rehypothecated several times
the global financial system depends on the abundance of this collateral, otherwise - defaults, margin calls, etc
i wrote a thread/article explaining how US Treasuries are the dominant collateral in short-term wholesale debt markets (e.g. repo). read here: https://illya.sh/threads/@1751726431-1.html
QE also removes safe collateral from the market, mainly US Treasury bills, notes and bonds. this safe collateral is the backbone of wholesale debt markets, where financial institutions, including commercial and central banks finance and re-finance their positions
however, eventually yield spreads will raise with high velocity. this is the larger financial crisis part of the cycle. there you will also see lower rates and more QE
the yield spreads may also start an almost vertical uptrend on a monthly timescale - this usually means a financial crisis to some degree
that's probably not happening in the next 3 months though, as you can expect Federal Reserve to decrease interest rates and/or employ QE
here's what yield spreads are saying about Bitcoin
≈3-3.40 is an important historical band which served as support bottom several times, including during COVID, and partly during the 2008 GFC
so far it looks like a trend-reversal in the short-term, with the spreads heading up
here's what yield spreads are saying about Bitcoin
≈3-3.40 is an important historical band which served as support bottom several times, including during COVID, and partly during the 2008 GFC
so far it looks like a trend-reversal in the short-term, with the spreads heading up
thus, you interpret yield spreads between US Treasuries and riskier bonds as:
📈 increasing/high yield spread = risk-off
📉 lowering/low yield spread = risk-on
a lower yield spread means that the market requires less return per unit of risk
lower yield spreads means that US Treasuries have a small premium over riskier bonds, thus the market is attributing a smaller premium to safe assets - a "risk-on" signal
a lower yield spread means that the market requires less return per unit of risk
lower yield spreads means that US Treasuries have a small premium over riskier bonds, thus the market is attributing a smaller premium to safe assets - a "risk-on" signal
yield spread between a safe asset and a riskier one is an expression of the required return per unit of risk
higher yield spreads, means risker bonds are significantly cheaper than US Treasury bonds, thus the market is valuing safe assets with a premium - a "risk-off" signal
yield spread between a safe asset and a riskier one is an expression of the required return per unit of risk
higher yield spreads, means risker bonds are significantly cheaper than US Treasury bonds, thus the market is valuing safe assets with a premium - a "risk-off" signal
yield spreads between US Treasuries and riskier bonds mirror the price of Bitcoin
in practice, there is a correlation between them:
📈 yield spreads up = ⬇️ BTC down
📉 yield spreads down = ⬆️ BTC up
why? because those spreads are proxy for market's risk appetite
yield spreads between US Treasuries and riskier bonds mirror the price of Bitcoin
in practice, there is a correlation between them:
📈 yield spreads up = ⬇️ BTC down
📉 yield spreads down = ⬆️ BTC up
why? because those spreads are proxy for market's risk appetite
essentially many T-bill sales flood the market at once, so their price falls, thus causing a yield increase
selling T-bills is more urgent than buying - the stablecoin issuer cannot split it across auctions & dealers as easily, so the market yield change is larger on outflows
stablecoin outflows proxy T-bill sales or reduced rolling
redemption/burn requires the stablecoin issuer to sell NOW, so large volumes means dealers/market makers will require a yield concession to warehouse those T-bills, as they are subject to balance sheet constraints
stablecoin outflows proxy T-bill sales or reduced rolling
redemption/burn requires the stablecoin issuer to sell NOW, so large volumes means dealers/market makers will require a yield concession to warehouse those T-bills, as they are subject to balance sheet constraints
this is because a stablecoin mint/creation on-chain is the proxy for a T-bill purchase by the company issuing that stablecoin (e.g. Circle, Tether)
so stablecoin inflows proxy T-bill purchases, which raises their price and lowers the yield
stablecoin inflows lower 3M Treasury bill yields, while outflows raise yields by a larger amount
LP-IV estimates:
⏩ $3.5B inflows lower yields by ≈3 bp
⏪ $3.5B outflows raise the yields by ≈8 bp
inflow = mint
outflow = redemption/burn
this collateral (US Treasury bonds) can then be used on wholesale debt markets to issue more credit
moreover, this collateral can be leveraged/rehypothecated, thus increasing liquidity
still, in the USA the Fed continues to dominate in importance
so it may not only be central bank setting the rates and affecting liquidity
for example, when US Treasury auctions bonds, they're both, temporarily reducing the effective amount of USD in circulation and providing more high-quanlity collateral
so according to this, since Treasuries yield more than ON RRP the wholesale cash moved from ON RRP into Treasuries
when the US Treasury spends them - they flow right back into broad money
indeed, currently T bills yield from 4.29%, while ON RRP is at 4.25%
interesting take!
the US treasury is doing exactly that - issuing short-term debt to retire/repurchased long-term debt
that's effectively refinancing longer-term debt with shorter-term debt. this shorter-term debt will also need to be refinanced, but now much sooner
this is why duration matching is key for financial institutions
this is also the reason why it's generally not a good idea for governments to refinance long-term debt with short-term debt
this shortens the duration of both - government liabilities and market's assets
since a 30 year bond discounts 30 years of cashflows and those cashflows directly incorporate this compounding yield - its price moves more with yields than a comparable, shorter time to maturity bond
regarding 1 year vs 30 year bond - imagine yields rise by 2%:
➖ the price of the bond maturing in 1 year declines by discounting those 2% from 1 year of cashflows
➖ a 30 year bond discounts for 30 years of cashflows
regarding 1 year vs 30 year bond - imagine yields rise by 2%:
➖ the price of the bond maturing in 1 year declines by discounting those 2% from 1 year of cashflows
➖ a 30 year bond discounts for 30 years of cashflows
the longer the bond's time to maturity - the more compounding of unfavorable yields the bond's price must incorporate
the more technical term is discounting, but compounding of unfavorable yields may help in bulging the mental model for what happens