⬇️ My Thoughts ⬇️
so how does the FED currently targets an interest rate range between 4.25%-4.50%? let's consolidate everything with an example using current, real-world data
SRF has been introduced in 2021, due to occasional spikes of short-term funding rates outside of the corridor this is because banks avoid using the discount rate - as that is often seen as a sign of financial distress by the broader market
SRF has been introduced in 2021, due to occasional spikes of short-term funding rates outside of the corridor this is because banks avoid using the discount rate - as that is often seen as a sign of financial distress by the broader market
thus, Standing Repo Facility (SRF) further reinforces the upper part of the target interest rate corridor in other words, it strengthens the cap on short-term interest rates
thus, Standing Repo Facility (SRF) further reinforces the upper part of the target interest rate corridor in other words, it strengthens the cap on short-term interest rates
Standing Repo Facility (SRF) allows banks & other financial institutions to do collateral-backed loans from the FED overnight the institution provides high quality collateral (e.g. treasury bond) and gets a loan against it - at the set rate
Standing Repo Facility (SRF) allows banks & other financial institutions to do collateral-backed loans from the FED overnight the institution provides high quality collateral (e.g. treasury bond) and gets a loan against it - at the set rate
it't called discount window for historical reasons discounting means buying treasuries at a slightly lower price - i.e. at a discount window comes from the fact that these were sold at counter/teller windows at the bank
it't called discount window for historical reasons discounting means buying treasuries at a slightly lower price - i.e. at a discount window comes from the fact that these were sold at counter/teller windows at the bank
the discount rate is set higher or at the typical market rates to disincentivize its use it's really meant to serve as an emergency lending source - only when other financing routes are exhausted: regular interbank markets, wholesale markets and SRF among others
the discount rate is set higher or at the typical market rates to disincentivize its use it's really meant to serve as an emergency lending source - only when other financing routes are exhausted: regular interbank markets, wholesale markets and SRF among others
Discount Rate is the rate at which the FED lends directly to banks through its discount window think of it as an emergency lending facility which the banks can use whenever they need funds since banks can always get a loan at that rate - it caps the short-term interest rates
Discount Rate is the rate at which the FED lends directly to banks through its discount window think of it as an emergency lending facility which the banks can use whenever they need funds since banks can always get a loan at that rate - it caps the short-term interest rates
the majority of liquidity is actually created in wholesale short-term debt markets ON RRP addresses exactly that sector, thus setting the lower bound of the target interest rate corridor for the broader financial sector
the majority of liquidity is actually created in wholesale short-term debt markets ON RRP addresses exactly that sector, thus setting the lower bound of the target interest rate corridor for the broader financial sector
ON RRP further reinforces the the floor for the market-wide interest rates since it's accessible to a broader set of financial institutions - not only banks. those now also have little incentive to lend below the ON RRP rate
ON RRP further reinforces the the floor for the market-wide interest rates since it's accessible to a broader set of financial institutions - not only banks. those now also have little incentive to lend below the ON RRP rate
Overnight Reverse Repo Rate (ON RRP) defines the rate at financial institutions can lend money overnight to the FED in return the FED provides treasury bonds as a collateral ON RRP is accessible to both banks & non-banks (e.g. money market funds)
Overnight Reverse Repo Rate (ON RRP) defines the rate at financial institutions can lend money overnight to the FED in return the FED provides treasury bonds as a collateral ON RRP is accessible to both banks & non-banks (e.g. money market funds)
since banks can always deposit cash into their reserve account account at the FED and earn the IORB rate they have little incentive to lend at rates below IORB effectively, this sets the floor (lower bound of the corridor) for interest rates for banks
since banks can always deposit cash into their reserve account account at the FED and earn the IORB rate they have little incentive to lend at rates below IORB effectively, this sets the floor (lower bound of the corridor) for interest rates for banks
Interest on Reserve Balances (IORB) is the rate FED pays banks on their excess reserves commercial banks have reserve accounts at the FED. regulations define the minimum amounts - any excess earns the IORB interest rate set by the FED
Interest on Reserve Balances (IORB) is the rate FED pays banks on their excess reserves commercial banks have reserve accounts at the FED. regulations define the minimum amounts - any excess earns the IORB interest rate set by the FED
the 4 key interest rates set by the FED are: 1️⃣ Overnight Reverse Repo Rate (ON RRP) 2️⃣ Interest on Reserve Balances (IORB) 3️⃣ Discount Rate - also known as Lending Rate 4️⃣ Standing Repo Facility (SRF) we'l cover them in this order in follow-up posts
the 4 key interest rates set by the FED are: 1️⃣ Overnight Reverse Repo Rate (ON RRP) 2️⃣ Interest on Reserve Balances (IORB) 3️⃣ Discount Rate - also known as Lending Rate 4️⃣ Standing Repo Facility (SRF) we'l cover them in this order in follow-up posts
now let's understand each one of the 4 key rates set by the federal reserve to keep the market rates within the target range namely, what each one of those rates represents and how together they act as ceiling or floor for the interest rate corridor
now let's understand each one of the 4 key rates set by the federal reserve to keep the market rates within the target range namely, what each one of those rates represents and how together they act as ceiling or floor for the interest rate corridor
so when banks and other financial institutions need to lend capital - they can do it at a rate within the target range of course, their balance sheet capacity must allow for that - but that's another topic which I already covered in some detail in my other posts😁
so when banks and other financial institutions need to lend capital - they can do it at a rate within the target range of course, their balance sheet capacity must allow for that - but that's another topic which I already covered in some detail in my other posts😁
now you should have a clear mental model of how the Federal Reserve sets the interest rates in the market a target range is defined, and then several different interest rates are set explicitly to steer the real interest rate into that target range
now you should have a clear mental model of how the Federal Reserve sets the interest rates in the market a target range is defined, and then several different interest rates are set explicitly to steer the real interest rate into that target range
think of these 4 rates as defining a corridor with an upper and a lower bound - currently 4.25% and 4.50% the average market interest rate will sit somewhere in between
think of these 4 rates as defining a corridor with an upper and a lower bound - currently 4.25% and 4.50% the average market interest rate will sit somewhere in between
in the Federal Open Market Committee Meetings (FOMC), the Federal Reserve sets a target range - currently 4.25%–4.50%, and then it uses the ON RRP, IORB, discount rate and SRF to steer the average rate in the market
in the Federal Open Market Committee Meetings (FOMC), the Federal Reserve sets a target range - currently 4.25%–4.50%, and then it uses the ON RRP, IORB, discount rate and SRF to steer the average rate in the market
the rates define the interest rate corridor in the following manner: 1️⃣ Overnight Reverse Repo Rate - floor 2️⃣ Interest on Reserve Balances - supplementary floor 3️⃣ Discount Rate - ceiling 4️⃣ Standing Repo Facility - supplementary ceiling
the rates define the interest rate corridor in the following manner: 1️⃣ Overnight Reverse Repo Rate - floor 2️⃣ Interest on Reserve Balances - supplementary floor 3️⃣ Discount Rate - ceiling 4️⃣ Standing Repo Facility - supplementary ceiling
together, ON RRP, IORB, discount rate and SRF define an interest rate corridor, composed by: 1️⃣ lower bound (floor) - the lowest possible interest rate 2️⃣ upper bound (ceiling) - the highest possible interest rate the other market rates fluctuate between this floor and ceiling
together, ON RRP, IORB, discount rate and SRF define an interest rate corridor, composed by: 1️⃣ lower bound (floor) - the lowest possible interest rate 2️⃣ upper bound (ceiling) - the highest possible interest rate the other market rates fluctuate between this floor and ceiling
the FED sets a target interest rate range and 4 main explicit interest rates: 1️⃣ Overnight Reverse Repo Rate (ON RRP) 2️⃣ Interest on Reserve Balances (IORB) 3️⃣ Discount Rate - also known as Lending Rate 4️⃣ Standing Repo Facility (SRF) more on them later (keep reading 😁)
the FED sets a target interest rate range and 4 main explicit interest rates: 1️⃣ Overnight Reverse Repo Rate (ON RRP) 2️⃣ Interest on Reserve Balances (IORB) 3️⃣ Discount Rate - also known as Lending Rate 4️⃣ Standing Repo Facility (SRF) more on them later (keep reading 😁)
the federal reserve does not set a single interest rate instead, the FED sets a target interest rate range (the federal funds target range) alongside 4 main explicit interest rates
the federal reserve does not set a single interest rate instead, the FED sets a target interest rate range (the federal funds target range) alongside 4 main explicit interest rates
how can the FED even set market-wide rates? 🤔 after all - there is no single rate that the whole market unanimously uses different types of lending have different rates in the market, as it's a (somewhat) open market
how can the FED even set market-wide rates? 🤔 after all - there is no single rate that the whole market unanimously uses different types of lending have different rates in the market, as it's a (somewhat) open market
how does the Federal Reserve set interest rates? some think that they define a single rate - namely the overnight lending rate - i.e. the rate at which the banks lend to each other overnight but that's not the case ❌
how does the Federal Reserve set interest rates? some think that they define a single rate - namely the overnight lending rate - i.e. the rate at which the banks lend to each other overnight but that's not the case ❌
i'll be explaining the details of how the Federal Reserve achieves their fed funds target rate in the next posts i'll be quoting them in sequence - so you can follow the trail of quoted posts and read them like a thread/article starting with the next post. let's dive in! 🚀
the FED left the interest rates unchanged - at the 4.25%-4.50% target while they communicated that previously - so it's no surprise - understanding how they achieve that level of short-term rates means understanding the important central bank in the world 🏦 so i'll explain it!
